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Las personas con baja visión pueden seguir disfrutando de una vida normal gracias a los tratamientos específicos de rehabilitación visual y al uso correcto de ayudas visuales ópticas, no ópticas y electrónicas.

Pasan los años. Y con la edad es normal que perdamos parte de nuestra capacidad visual. Ahora bien, cuando esta limitación es importante, no mejora utilizando gafas, lentes de contacto, tratamientos farmacológicos o cirugía, y nos incapacita para realizar determinadas tareas cotidianas como leer, ver la televisión, comer o bajar las escaleras, se considera que padecemos baja visión. Una condición que puede ser severa (cuando la agudeza visual no supera el 10%), moderada (entre un 10 y un 20%) o leve (entre un 20 y un 30%) y que afecta especialmente a las personas mayores y/o que padecen determinadas patologías oculares.

Cerca de 1 millón de personas en España padecen baja visión
Según datos recogidos por la Encuesta de discapacidad, autonomía personal y situaciones de dependencia del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), cerca de un millón de personas en España padecen baja visión. “Una cifra que va en aumento por el envejecimiento progresivo de la población, la mayor esperanza de vida y los avances en cirugía y farmacología oftalmológica que reducen el número de personas que pierden la vista por completo, pero cuya mermada visión necesita de ayudas visuales”, afirma Carol Camino, especialista en Baja Visión del IMO y presidenta de la Sociedad Española de Especialistas en Baja Visión (SEEBV). Según la optometrista, “el 80% de los afectados son personas mayores de 65 años, cuyo déficit visual acostumbra a derivar de alguna patología ocular común a esa edad”.

Agudeza visual: capacidad de nuestros ojos para percibir la figura y la forma de los objetos
Se considera que una persona padece baja visión cuando su agudeza visual se sitúa entre 0,05 y 0,3 en el mejor de los ojos y/o su campo visual es inferior a 20 grados (siendo 270 la visión normal) también en su mejor ojo. Entendemos por agudeza visual, la capacidad que tiene cada uno de nuestros ojos para percibir la figura y la forma de los objetos, mientras que el campo visual hace referencia a la porción del espacio que cada ojo es capaz de ver.

Desde 2006, el Área de Baja Visión del IMO ayuda al paciente a potenciar y optimizar el resto visual que le queda

Desde el año 2006, el IMO dispone de un Área de Baja Visión que ofrece atención a pacientes con niveles de visión muy limitados y que no pueden mejorar con cirugía, tratamiento farmacológico, ni gafas. Las personas con este déficit son capaces de utilizar su resto visual para poder seguir realizando algunas actividades diarias. En el IMO se las ayuda a obtener un máximo aprovechamiento de dicho resto a través de rehabilitación y ayudas visuales.
“Al llegar a la consulta, el paciente realiza un exhaustivo cuestionario para evaluar exactamente sus necesidades visuales”, explica Carol Camino. “A continuación, se efectúa un cuidadoso proceso de graduación que garantice la efectividad de las ayudas visuales mediante pruebas de agudeza (refractrometría, retinoscopía, queratometría…), campo visual (campimetría, microperimetría…), de sensibilidad al contraste y percepción del color, entre otras”.
Durante las visitas, el paciente debe tener claro que no se trata de recuperar la visión perdida, sino de aprender a potenciar y optimizar el resto visual que le queda a través de diferentes ayudas, como filtros, lentes telescópicas, gafas especiales… Se trata de un proceso largo que requiere una considerable implicación y colaboración por parte del paciente. “Es muy importante que la persona acuda motivada a la consulta y que quiera mantenerse visualmente activa en todo momento, viendo la televisión, leyendo, trabajando en el ordenador…”, aclara la especialista. “Además –añade– muchas de las ayudas visuales requieren que la persona aprenda a ver de otra forma. Por ejemplo, los pacientes con degeneración macular tienen una importante pérdida visual en la zona central del ojo afectado. En estos casos, aparte de las ayudas visuales, estas personas deben aprender a mirar hacia los lados para rescatar su resto visual”.
Una implicación que a veces no resulta fácil. La pérdida repentina e irreversible de visión puede llegar a afectar emocionalmente al paciente. Suelen aparecer síntomas como falta de confianza, baja autoestima o disminución de la comunicación. De ahí que a la hora de hacer frente a esta nueva realidad, sea muy importante la comprensión y el apoyo de la familia desde el primer día.

II Jornadas de Baja Visión y Rehabilitación Visual
Del 29 de noviembre al 1 de diciembre, el IMO acogerá las Segundas Jornadas de Baja Visión y Rehabilitación Visual. Impulsada por la Sociedad Española de Especialistas en Baja Visión (SEEBV), la cita contará con la presencia de ilustres conferenciantes y profesionales de primer nivel, como la Dra. Ana Mª Pérez, de la Universidad de Houston o la Dra. Celia Sánchez-Ramos, profesora de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
El objetivo de esta iniciativa es exponer los últimos avances en la especialidad, así como profundizar en los distintos aspectos de la rehabilitación visual del paciente con déficit visual. Presidida por Carol Camino, responsable del Área de Baja Visión del IMO, la Sociedad Española de Especialistas en Baja Visión promueve el desarrollo de la innovación en baja visión y la divulgación de su actividad entre la población.

Más información en: www.seebv.com

La Baja Visión en cifras

  • 246 millones de personas en el mundo padecen baja visión, cerca de 1 millón en España, un 2 % de la población.
  • Un 65% de las personas con baja visión son mayores de 65 años. Actualmente, este grupo supone el 17% de la población aunque se estima que en 2050 se situará en el 29%.
  • Extremadura, Castilla La Mancha, Castilla y León y Galicia son las comunidades autónomas donde más casos se registran de discapacidad visual.
  • Hasta los 65 años, la discapacidad visual afecta más a los hombres. Pero a partir de esa edad, se dan muchos más casos entre la población femenina.
  • La degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) es la principal causa de baja visión a partir de los 65 años.

* Fuente: OMS/INE. Revista IMO

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