Investigación

El recurso activa la zona del cerebro que permite ver formas, personas y edificios

Las personas consideradas ciegas porque han perdido el 90% de la visión de ambos ojos a causa de una retinosis pigmentaria, esos individuos que perciben unas trazas de luz con las que se orientan ayudados por un bastón blanco, pueden beneficiarse del primer recurso electrónico diseñado para devolverles buena parte de la vista que perdieron cuando eran niños. El sistema, creado en California (EEUU), que introduce en España el Centro Oftalmológico Barraquer, exige, en primer lugar, implantar un minúsculo chip electrónico en la superficie de la retina del ojo a tratar, una plaquita intraocular que ejercerá de enlace entre las escenas que capten unas gafas provistas de una diminuta cámara de vídeo, que el usuario llevará puestas, y la señal eléctrica que enviará al cerebro el pequeño ordenador externo que recibirá las imágenes.

La zona occipital del cerebro traducirá el impulso eléctrico en un acto visual, este llegará al nervio óptico y de ahí a los ojos de quien desea ver. «Percibirá formas, la puerta de casa, los edificios y el movimiento, pero no podrá leer, distinguir los colores o ver la televisión», puntualiza el doctor Jeroni Nadal, el cirujano de Barraquer que ha sido acreditado por la compañía Second Sight, propietaria del recurso de visión artificial, para que lo aplique en territorio español. «Para quien solo percibe un punto de luz, la visión que proporciona este sistema es muy importante, muchísimo -asegura Nadal-. Esa persona se podrá desplazar, captará el movimiento de los objetos y comerá sola, por ejemplo».

El implante, autorizado por la UE y aplicado ya en el Reino Unido, Suiza e Italia, no sería eficaz de aplicarse a quienes sufren ceguera total por glaucoma, ya que esta dolencia afecta al nervio óptico, y tampoco en quienes han perdido algo de visión pero perciben parcialmente los objetos. No existe una edad que desaconseje utilizar el recurso, aunque, indica Nadal, el mejor resultado lo consiguen las personas muy jóvenes cuyo tejido conserva una plasticidad óptima. «Quienes más tiempo han experimentado el implante lo llevan desde hace cuatro años. Esa es la máxima experiencia de que disponemos», dice el cirujano.

100.000 EUROS / El precio del ingenio y del proceso de instalación puede ser disuasorio para numerosos potenciales beneficiados: unos 100.000 euros por ojo intervenido. «Es caro, pero estamos en el inicio», apunta Nadal, en alusión a la posible subvención futura por parte de algunas fundaciones de ayuda a la ceguera.

Barraquer prevé iniciar estas intervenciones el próximo enero. «Pronto tendremos lista de espera», adelanta Nadal, ya que recuperar la visión, aunque sea parcialmente, es un objetivo prioritario para quien la ha perdido. El implante siempre se colocará a personas que han conocido el concepto de lo que significa ver, individuos que durante un tiempo de su vida vieron de forma más o menos completa. «Han de haber visto para poder identificar las imágenes -dice el cirujano-. Los candidatos a la intervención deben haber tenido visión hasta como mínimo los 7 años, el tiempo que se invierte en desarrollar una vía óptica íntegra capaz de reconocer el impulso nervioso que capta la retina»

Fuente: ANGELS GALLARDO, El periódico de Catalunya

1.688 comentarios en «Barraquer introduce en España la vista artificial para los enfermos de retinosis»

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